Seven Norms of Collaboration


  • Pausing  Pausing before responding or asking a question allows time for thinking and enhances dialogue, discussion and decison-making.
  • Paraphrasing  Using a paraphrase starter that is comfortable for you: "So..." or "As you are...", or "You're thinking..." and following the starter with a paraphrase assists members of the group to hear and understand each other as they formulate decisions.  A paraphrase sends three messages:  
    • I hear you
    • I understand you
    • I care
  • Probing for specificity  Using gentle open ended probes or inquiries such as "Please say more..." or "I'm curious about..." or "I'd like to hear more about..." or "Then, are you saying    ?" increases the clarity and precision of the group's thinking.
  • Putting ideas on the table   Ideas are the heart of a meaningful dialogue.  Label the intention of your comments.  For example, you might say, "Here is one idea..." or, "One thought I have is..." or, "Here is a possible approach..."
  • Paying attention to self and others  Meaningful dialogue is facilitated when each group member is conscious of self and of others and is aware of not only what she/he is saying but how it is said and how others are responding.  This includes paying attention to learning style when planning for, facilitating, and participating in group meetings.  Responding to others in their own language forms is one manifestation of this norm.
  • Presuming positive intentions  Assuming that other's intentions are positive promotes and facilitates meaningful dialogue and eliminates unintentional put-downs.  Using positive presuppositions in your speech is one manifestation of this norm.
  • Pursuing a balance between advocacy and inquiry  Pursuing and maintaining a balance between advocating a position and inquiring about one's own and other's positions assists the group to become a learning organization.

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From William Baker, Group Dynamics Associates, 720 Grizzly Peak Blvd., Berkeley, CA  94708.